Eastern Poland's largest city, 153 km (95 miles) south-east of the capital, Warsaw. It is the marketplace for a fertile farming region producing meat, wheat, flour, sugar, beer, tobacco products and vegetable oils. The city's factories also make agricultural equipment and other machinery.
Lublin was the seat of two independent Polish governments; the first was set up on November 7, 1918, as a temporary socialist government; and the second, which developed into the country's present-day government, was established on July 22, 1944, as the German army retreated. It has five academic institutions, including the Catholic University - the only one of its kind in Poland - and the Marie Curie-Sklodowska University, named after the Polish-born scientist (1867-1934) who discovered radium.
The Museum of Martyrology and a monument in the south-eastern suburb of Majdanek are grim reminders of Nazi terror. They stand on the site of an extermination camp where 370 000 Poles, Russians, Jews and people of 17 other nationalities were murdered between 1941 and 1944.
Population 320 000
Kielce (Kelsty)
Industrial city about 145 km (90 miles) south of the capital, Warsaw. The city has copper mines and marble quarries, and its factories produce electrical goods, machinery and foodstuffs.
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