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In middle latitudes, the west coasts of continents and their offshore islands enjoy a remarkably equable climate, since both temperature and precipitation are highly uniform throughout the year. Followed poleward into latitudes 50° to 70° this same uniformity can be recognized in the marine sub arctic climate, marked by unusually large total annual precipitation and an unusually small annual temperature range for such high latitudes.
The marine sub arctic climate is dominated by maritime polar (mP) air masses throughout the year. The climate distribution actually coincides rather well with the mP air mass source regions in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and the Southern Ocean. Important in defining the characteristics of this climate are the persistence of cloudy skies and strong winds, and the high percentage of days with precipitation.
2. Main article
The marine sub arctic climate is not designated as a separate variety in the Koppen system, which includes it in the tundra climate (ET). Recent recognition by geographers bf the marine sub arctic climate has been coupled with the suggestion that it be entered in the Koppen system with the symbol EM.
The marine sub arctic climate is found on limited stretches of windward coasts, on islands, and over wide expanses of ocean in latitudes 50° to 60° in the Bering Sea, and latitudes 55° to 75° in the North Atlantic, touching points on the south Greenland coast, north Iceland, and extreme northern Norway. In the southern hemisphere, the marine sub arctic climate occupies almost no land. The few representative stations are-found in the southernmost tip of South America, the Falkland Islands, South Georgia Island, and a number of other small islands.
3. References
Representative stations in the marine sub arctic climate qualify as belonging in the E climates of Koppen, for the warmest-month means are all below 50°F (10°C). In contrast to the typical tundra climate (ET) the annual ranges are all much smaller, the winters much milder, and the annual precipitation totals much larger. Coldest month temperature mean is not below 20°F(-7°C).
Soils and vegetation of the marine sub arctic climate are essentially of the same tundra varieties associated with the tundra climate, treated below. The landscape is treeless and gives the impression of great barrenness, but it is nevertheless surprisingly rich in the variety of plant species that exist. in the layer close to the ground.
