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Planned weather modification - Recent years have seen a sharp increase in man's efforts to modify weather phenomena. One goal is to increase precipitation in areas experiencing drought; another is to ameliorate the severity of storms.
One method of inducing precipitation is known as cloud seeding, the introduction of minute particles into dense cumulus clouds. The particles, which may be of silver iodide smoke, serve as nuclei for added intensity of condensation and can lead to formation of cumulonimbus clouds with heavy rainfall. Some measure of success by cloud seeding was obtained in 1970 and 1971 over drought-ridden southern and central Florida. In another region, Project Skywater, begun in 1969, is aimed at increasing winter snowfall over mountains of southwestern Colorado. Using silver iodide smoke, a snowfall increases of 16 percent is anticipated, and will augment runoff of streams in the area.
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An attempt to reduce the severity of a hurricane by cloud seeding methods was made in 1969 by scientists of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The experiment, known as Project Stormfury, apparently produced significant results. A 30 percent reduction in wind speed is claimed to have been achieved. Seeding is thought to have acted to cause rapid condensation of supercooled liquid particles in the storm, and thus to have quickly drained off latent heat.
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Fog dispersal is another form of weather modification that has invited research and experimentation because of its great potential use at airports. Seeding experiments have shown that fog consisting of supercooled droplets can be cleared by seeding, using liquid propane or dry ice. Seeding causes rapid transformation of water droplets into ice particles. The very cold fogs to which this method applies are only a small percentage of all fogs that occur in middle and high latitudes. Warm fogs require other methods for dispersal, and these have met with some success.
It is well to keep in mind that the forms of planned weather modification described here apply to very small areas for short periods of time. No means yet exists to change precipitation appreciably over large areas on a sustained basis.
