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Russia: Russia produced about 23% of world crude oil production in 1988. Russia became a petroleum producer before 1860 and has now tops the world as a petroleum producer. The principal fields are in the southeast and near Urals; the Baku field on the Apshron. Most of the oil is refined in the field. In the Far East, the only Russian oil field is in the island of Sakhalin. Uzbek, Kazakh and Turkmen in Asia contain large deposits of oil. Production of petroleum was 781 million metric tonnes in 1988. The underwater oil fields in the Caspian Sea produced about 4.5 million metric tons of high quality oil in 1985. Situated 60 miles out to sea from Baku, these oil fields covering about 10 sq. miles have a large potential.

Oil Production In U.S.S.R. by Region
(1)	Caucasus-Caspian fields		50%
(2)	Volga-Urals			44%
(3)	Central Asia			5%
(4)	Far Eastern			1%
Total		 			100%

Germany produced 4.0 million metric tons of oil per year on an average during 1955-63. In 1988 production was 4.3 million metric tons. Italy's production of crude oil amounted to 1.5 million metric tons in 1958 and 1.4 million metric tons in 1988. Yugoslavia produced 0.6 million metric tons in 1988. Netherlands produced 1.8 million metric tons in 1988. France's production amounted to 1.3 million metric tons in 1956 and 16 million metric tons in 1988.

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