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Isaiah Bowman. Isaiah Bowman was one of the pride products of Jefferson. Bowman traveled extensively in Andes, especially the Peru, Bolivia and Chile. Later on he crossed the desert of Atacam. From this fieldwork he wrote his Doctora1 Dissertation. 'The Geography of the Central Andes'. Moreover, in 1931 he published The Pioneer Fringe in which he stated the nature of the problem, and cited examples from the Unites States, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Siberia, Mongolia, Manchuria, and South America. In the initial part of his career he was an environmental determinist, but later on he gave adequate importance to the role of man in transforming his natural environment. In his own words 'man is changing himself as well as the world as he goes along'.

Ellen Churchill Semple (1863-1932). Ellen Churchill Semple, popularly known as Miss Semple was a student and follower of Ratzel. In Germany she took keen interest in the study of anthropology, and was greatly stimulated by Ratzel's new approach in the study of man and environment, when she' returned to the United States. In 1903 she published 'American History and its Geographical Conditions'. Moreover, she presented her version of the first volume of Ratzel's Anthrogeographie in her classic work 'Influence of Geographical Environment' which was published in 1911. She was a determinist, which can be appreciated from the opening para of her book.

Man is a product of earth's surface. This means not merely that he is a child of the earth, dust of her dust, but that the earth has mothered him, fed him, set him task, directed his thought, confronted him with difficulties that have strengthened his body and sharpened his wits.

The publication of 'Influence of Geographic Environment' added materially to Miss Semple's reputation both at home and abroad.

During the last decade of her life she asserted that man can be studied scientifically only by the ground he tills, or he lands over which he travels, or the seas over which he trades. Man's relations to his environment are infinitely more numerous and complex than those of the most highly organized plants or animals. So complex are they that they constitute a legitimate and necessary object of special study.

Ellsworth Huntington (1876-1947). Ellsworth Huntington a student of Davis is considered as a giant of his era. His was the 'search for broad interrelationships, for tendencies, for a world view', and a seeking for the 'architectural unity of the world structure.

Huntington was an environmental determinist who tried to explain the styles of life of human groups and nations in the light of their weather and climatic conditions. He developed the hypothesis that the great outpouring of nomadic peoples from Central Asia, which led to the Mongol's conquest of India and China, and the invasion of eastern Europe in the 13th century, could be explained by the drying up of pastures on which the nomads were dependent. In 1915 he published 'Civilization and Climate' in which he asserted that man's civilizations could develop only in regions of stimulating weather. Contrary to this the monotonous heat of the tropics would forbid attainment of higher levels of civilization. In 1920, he published 'Principles of human Geography'. This book was written as a University textbook but it became popular not only among geographers, but widely attracted the attention of historians, sociologists, scholars of medicine, agriculturists, ecologists, climatologists and geologists.

Huntington consistently followed a quantitative approach in the measurement of civilization. This is evident in his early writings in which he describes the remarkable regional coincidence of weather conditions conductive to human, physical and mental effort and the levels of assessment of civilization. He also gave weightage to heredity, stage of culture and diet. Nevertheless, he gave too much weightage to 'physical factors' and too little to the autonomous development of societies.

Rollin D. Salisbury. Salisbury was a major force in the development of geography in the United States during the period of 1903-1919. He established and organized the department of geography of the Chicago University. He was a stimulating teacher and distinguished administrator. He wrote several valuable university level textbooks. He was more interested in physical geography. Nevertheless, he rejected the idea of simple cause and effect between the physical earth and the human response. Physiography for Salisbury was the scientific study of state setting on which the human drama unfolded. But the relation of stage setting to human action was not a casual one. His main work 'Physiography' is a classic on the evolution of landforms.

Geography in U.S.A. Between the Two World Wars. In the inter wars period, there occurred a shift towards social aspect from the physical side. Geographers of America started describing the unique features of places and regions and there was very little focus towards the formulation of general concepts. Much attention was given to the information and use of concepts and models; and many principles and ideas current in the 1970's had their origin in the inter-wars period. During this period Social-Darwinism was under attack. The new approaches developed during this period were: